Evaluación económica del tratamiento antimicrobiano en pacientes histerectomizadas por fibroma uterino / Economic evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in hysterectomized patients for uterine fibroma

ANTECEDENTES: Las infecciones constituyen la principal causa de morbilidad luego de las cirugías ginecológicas. Debido al uso irracional de los antimicrobianos y la poca adherencia a los protocolos de actuación, se decidió investigar la alternativa clínica más eficiente entre las existentes para alcanzar un objetivo sanitariamente deseable. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una evaluación económica del uso de los antimicrobianos en las pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de fibroma uterino en el Hospital "Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo, Cuba, durante el periodo abril-mayo de 2012 para lograr un uso racional de estos medicamentos, disminuir riesgo de resistencia antimicrobiana, incidencia de infección de la herida quirúrgica y costos por concepto de medicamentos. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, en base a revisión de historias clínicas, se determinó la edad de las pacientes, tipo de cirugía, antimicrobianos más utilizados y duración del tratamiento. Se realizó una evaluación económica total del tipo minimización de costos. RESULTADOS: El 61,64% de las pacientes tenían entre 41-50 años. El 81,62% de las cirugías se clasificó como limpia contaminada; el antimicrobiano más utilizado fue la cefazolina como monoterapia (51,28%); el 84,62% de las pacientes recibió tratamiento durante 2 días; el 100% de las prescripciones resultó inadecuada; el costo global por concepto de antimicrobianos fue de 3.242,65 pesos cubanos y se hubiese obtenido un ahorro aproximado de 827,80 pesos cubanos de haberse aplicado correctamente las protocolos de actuación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales del servicio de ginecología no se adhieren a los protocolos de profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria, aumentando los costos por medicamentos.

BACKGROUND: Infections are the main cause of morbidity after gynecological surgeries. Due to the irrational use of antimicrobials and little adherence to protocols, it decided to investigate the most efficient clinical alternative among existing sanitary desirable to reach a goal. AIMS: To perform an economic evaluation of the use of antimicrobials in patients operated with a diagnosis of uterine fibroid in the "Agostinho Neto" Hospital, Guantanamo, Cuba, during the period April-May 2012 to achieve a rational use of these drugs reduce risk of antimicrobial resistance, incidence of surgical wound infection and costs for drugs. METHOD: A retrospective study was made, the medical records were reviewed, the patient age, type of surgery, most commonly used antimicrobial and duration of treatment was determined: an overall economic assessment, the type was minimization of costs. RESULTS: 61.64% of the patients were between 41-50 years old; the 81.62% of the surgeries were classified as clean contaminated; cefazolin was the most antimicrobial used as monotherapy (51.28%); 84.62% of the patients received treatment for 2 days; 100% of prescriptions was inadequate; the overall cost was 3,242.65 Cuban pesos and has been obtained savings of approximately 728.80 Cuban pesos if the protocols have been correctly applied. CONCLUSION: Gynecology service professionals do not adhere to the protocols of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, increasing drug cost.

Exámenes prequirúrgicos innecesarios y su costo en un hospital de Lambayeque / Unnecessary preoperative test and the cost in a hospital of Lambayeque

Introducción. En la práctica diaria antes de una cirugía suelen solicitarse exámenes preoperatorios sin ninguna utilidad. Sin embargo, las comorbilidades y el examen físico son los determinantes del desenlace en el acto quirúrgico. Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia de exámenes prequirúrgicos innecesarios y su costo en pacientes con cirugía electiva del Hospital Regional Lambayeque de octubre de 2012 a julio de 2013. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo trasversal; muestreo aleatorio simple. Se compararon los exámenes solicitados con los recomendados por la guía de práctica clínica del National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) del 2003: Preoperative tests: The Use of routine preoperative tests for elective surgery. Resultados. Se revisaron 96 historias clínicas de pacientes con las siguientes cirugías: 62 colecistectomías (64,5 %), 16 hernioplastias inguinales (16,67 %), 12 facoemulsificaciones (12,5 %), 5 cirugías de fractura expuesta (5,21 %), y 1 hernioplastia abdominal (1,04 %); se hallaron 1 214 exámenes preoperatorios, 839 (69,1 %) fueron innecesarios. Los más frecuentes fueron: riesgo quirúrgico (innecesario en 92,2 %), tiempo de sangría (innecesario en 92 %) y grupo-factor (innecesario en 89,8 %). Los exámenes más costosos fueron el antígeno de superficie para hepatitis B (S/. 1 428) y riesgo quirúrgico (S/. 1 185). El costo total de los exámenes innecesarios fue S/. 8 858 (S/. 10 630 aproximadamente en un año). Conclusión. En el Hospital Regional Lambayeque de octubre de 2012 a julio de 2013, hubo una elevada frecuencia de exámenes prequirúrgicos innecesarios y un alto costo asociado a los mismos. Los más costosos fueron antígeno de superficie para hepatitis B y el riesgo quirúrgico.

Introduction. In daily practice, before surgery, preoperative tests often ordered without any utility. Comorbidities and physical examination, ancillary tests, are the determinants of outcome patient during surgery. Objectives. To determine the frequency of unnecessary preoperative test and cost in patients with elective surgery in the Hospital Regional Lambayeque from October 2012 to July 2013. Material and method. It’s a transversal descriptive study; simple random sampling. Requested tests were compared with those recommended by the clinical practice guideline of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2003: Preoperative tests: The use of preoperative routine tests for elective surgery. Results. The clinical histories of 96 patients were reviewed and show the next results: 62 cholecystectomies (64,5 %), inguinal hernia repair 16 (16,67 %), 12 phacoemulsification (12,5 %), 5 surgeries open fracture (5,21 %) and one abdominal hernia repair (1,04 %). Were found 1 214 preoperative test, 839 (69,1 %) were unnecessary, being the most common surgical risk (in 92,2 % of patients was unnecessary), bleeding time (92 %) and group and factor (unnecessary in 89,8 %). The test costliest was serological test for hepatitis B (S/. 1 428) and surgical risk (S/. 1 185). The total cost of unnecessary preoperative tests from October 2012 to July 2013 was S/. 8858 (S/. 10 630 about 1 year). Conclusion. In Hospital Regional Lambayeque from October 2012 to July 2013, there was a high frequency of unnecessary preoperative tests in elective surgeries and high costs associated with them. The tests that contributed more to the total cost were surface antigen for hepatitis B and surgical risk.

Indicacao de exames pre-operatorios segundo criterios clinicos: necessidade de supervisao / Indication of preoperative tests according to clinical criteria: need for supervision / Indicacion de examenes preoperatorios segun criterios clinicos: necesidad de supervision

Justificativa e objetivos: a solicitação indiscriminada de exames complementares na avaliação pré-anestésica é comum na prática clínica e implica custos adicionais e a possibilidade de resultados falso-positivos. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar se os exames pré-operatórios em cirurgias eletivas são solicitados segundo critério clínico e avaliar os custos desnecessários para a instituição. Métodos: foram avaliadas as solicitações de exames pré-operatórios em pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgias eletivas não cardíacas. Os exames foram solicitados pelos cirurgiões, conforme protocolo do Serviço de Anestesia. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, estado físico, comorbidades e tipo de exame complementar solicitado. Os exames feitos foram comparados com os exames indicados. O custo dos exames foi baseado na tabela Datasus. Resultados: foram avaliados 1.063 pacientes. Verificou-se que 41,9% dos exames feitos nos pacientes classificados como ASA I não estavam indicados. No grupo de risco ASA II foram feitos 442 exames (17,72%) sem necessidade. Perceberam-se elevadas porcentagens na solicitação de hemograma, creatinina, coagulograma, raios X de tórax e ECG nos grupos ASA I-II. Apenas 40 (5,25%) dos exames feitos no grupo ASA III não estavam indicados. Nos pacientes do grupo ASA IV, 22,5% dos exames necessários não foram feitos. Ressalta-se uma economia anual de 13% (R$1.923,13) caso os exames fossem feitos conforme o protocolo. Conclusões: os exames pré-operatórios nem sempre são solicitados de acordo com critérios clínicos, o que resulta em maiores custos para a instituição. .

Background and objectives: The indiscriminate order for additional tests on pre-anesthetic evaluation is common in clinical practice, which entails additional costs and the possibility of false-positive results. The aim of this study was to analyze whether preoperative tests in elective surgeries are ordered according to clinical criteria and assess the unnecessary costs for the institution. Methods: Evaluation of preoperative investigations in adult patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery. Tests were ordered by surgeons according to the Anesthesia Service protocol. Demographic data, physical status, comorbidities, and type of ordered supplementary examination were evaluated. The tests performed were compared with the indicated tests. The cost of screening was based on Datasus' table. Results: 1063 patients were evaluated. It was found that 41.9% of the tests performed on patients classified as ASA-I were not indicated. In ASA II group, 442 tests (17.72%) were made unnecessarily. The ordered percentages of blood count, creatinine, coagulation profile, chest X-ray, and ECG were high in groups ASA I-II. Only 40 (5.25%) of the examinations made in ASA III group were not indicated. In ASA IV group, 22.5% of the required tests were not performed. We highlight an annual saving of 13% (R$ 1923.13) if tests were done according to the protocol. Conclusions: Preoperative tests are not always ordered according to clinical criteria, which results in higher costs for the institution. .

Justificativa y objetivos: la solicitud indiscriminada de exámenes complementarios en la evaluación preanestésica es común en la práctica clínica e implica costes adicionales y la posibilidad de resultados falso-positivos. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizarsi los exámenes preoperatorios en las cirugías electivas son solicitados secundando el criterio clínico, y evaluar los costes innecesarios para la institución. Métodos: se evaluaron las solicitaciones de exámenes preoperatorios en pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugías electivas no cardíacas. Los exámenes fueron solicitados por los cirujanos, conforme al protocolo del servicio de anestesia. Se evaluaron los datos demográficos, el estado físico, las comorbilidades y el tipo de examen complementario solicitado. Los exámenes que se hicieron se compararon con los exámenes indicados. El coste de los exámenes se basó en la tabla Datasus. Resultados: se evaluaron 1.063 pacientes. Se verificó que un 41,9% de los exámenes realizados en los pacientes clasificados como ASA I no estaban indicados. En el grupo de riesgo ASA II se hicieron 442 exámenes (17,72%) sin necesidad. Notamos altos porcentajes en la solicitud del hemograma, creatinina, coagulograma, rayos X de tórax y ECG en los grupos ASA I-II. Cuarenta (40) (5,25%) de los exámenes hechos en el grupo ASA III no estaban indicados. En los pacientes del grupo ASA IV, un 22,5% de los exámenes necesarios no se hicieron. Destacamos aquí una economía anual de un 13% (R$ 1.923,13) si los exámenes se hiciesen de acuerdocon el protocolo. Conclusiones: los exámenes preoperatorios no siempre se solicitan de acuerdo con los criterios clínicos, lo que trae como resultado, más costes para la institución. .

Comparison of Clinical Outcome and Cost-Effectiveness after Various Preoperative Biliary Drainage Methods in Periampullary Cancer with Obstructive Jaundice

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of preoperative biliary drainage (BD) methods in periampullary cancer, and to suggest guidelines for selecting the appropriate preoperative BD method. Between October 2004 and August 2010, 211 patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy after preoperative BD. Clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of the preoperative BD methods were compared based on the final drainage method used and on intention-to-treat analysis. There was no significant difference in drainage duration between percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and endoscopic BD groups (14.2 vs 16.6 days, respectively; P = 0.121) but daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher in the PTBD group (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Based on intention-to-treat analysis, drainage duration was shorter (13.2 vs 16.5 days, respectively; P = 0.049), daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Medical care cost was lower (14.2 vs 15.7 x 10(3) USD, respectively; P = 0.040) in the PTBD group than in the endoscopic BD group. When selecting the preoperative BD method, practitioners should consider that PTBD is more cost-effective and safer than endoscopic BD.

Comparison of Clinical Outcome and Cost-Effectiveness after Various Preoperative Biliary Drainage Methods in Periampullary Cancer with Obstructive Jaundice

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of preoperative biliary drainage (BD) methods in periampullary cancer, and to suggest guidelines for selecting the appropriate preoperative BD method. Between October 2004 and August 2010, 211 patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy after preoperative BD. Clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of the preoperative BD methods were compared based on the final drainage method used and on intention-to-treat analysis. There was no significant difference in drainage duration between percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and endoscopic BD groups (14.2 vs 16.6 days, respectively; P = 0.121) but daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher in the PTBD group (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Based on intention-to-treat analysis, drainage duration was shorter (13.2 vs 16.5 days, respectively; P = 0.049), daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Medical care cost was lower (14.2 vs 15.7 x 10(3) USD, respectively; P = 0.040) in the PTBD group than in the endoscopic BD group. When selecting the preoperative BD method, practitioners should consider that PTBD is more cost-effective and safer than endoscopic BD.

Avaliação pré-anestésica e redução dos custos do preparo pré-operatório / Preanesthesia evaluation and reduction of preoperative care costs / Evaluación preanestésica y reducción de los costes de la preparación del preoperatorio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação pré-anestésica (APA) é fundamental no preparo do paciente cirúrgico. Entre suas muitas vantagens, destaca-se a redução dos custos com o preparo pré-operatório. Embora estudos prévios tenham constatado esse benefício, não é certo que ele se aplique adequadamente em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os custos do preparo pré-operatório realizado pelo cirurgião com os custos estimados a partir da APA. Paralelamente, comparou-se a classificação do estado físico da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) determinada pelo anestesiologista ou por outros especialistas. MÉTODO: Duzentos pacientes candidatos a procedimentos cirúrgicos ou diagnósticos eletivos, cujo preparo pré-operatório foi orientado pelo cirurgião, foram submetidos à APA após internação hospitalar. O anestesiologista determinou os exames complementares ou as consultas especializadas e necessárias a cada paciente. Foram comparados o número e os custos dos exames ou consultas indicados pelo anestesiologista com aqueles realizados no preparo pré-operatório. Comparou-se também a classificação da ASA determinada pelo anestesiologista ou pelo médico que realizou a consulta especializada. RESULTADOS: Dos 1.075 exames complementares realizados, 55,8 por cento não estavam indicados, o que equivaleu a uma fração de 50,8 por cento do custo total com exames. O anestesiologista considerou que 37 pacientes (18,5 por cento) não precisariam realizar exames. O custo do preparo orientado pelo cirurgião foi 25,11 por cento maior do que o custo estimado a partir da avaliação pré-anestésica, sendo essa diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,01). Houve discordância na classificação da ASA em 9,3 por cento dos pacientes avaliados pelo especialista. CONCLUSÕES: O preparo pré-operatório baseado na avaliação pré-anestésica criteriosa pode resultar em significativa redução dos custos quando comparado ao preparo orientado pelo cirurgião. Observou-se boa concordância na determinação do escore da ASA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Preanesthesia evaluation (PAE) is fundamental in the preparation of a surgical patient. Among its advantages is the reduction of preoperative care costs. Although prior studies had observed this benefit, it is not clear whether it can be taken into consideration among us. The objective of the present study was to compare the costs of preoperative care performed by the surgeon with estimated costs based on PAE. In parallel, we compared the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification determined by the anesthesiologist with that estimated by other specialists. METHODS: Two hundred patients scheduled for elective surgery or diagnostic procedures whose preoperative care was made by the surgeon underwent PAE after hospital admission. The anesthesiologist determined which ancillary exams or referrals necessary for each patient. The number and cost of ancillary exams or referrals requested by the anesthesiologist were compared with those of the preoperative preparation. The ASA classification according to the anesthesiologist was also compared to that of the physician in charge of the consultation. RESULTS: Out of 1,075 ancillary exams performed, 55.8 percent were not indicated, which corresponded to 50.8 percent of the total cost of exams. The anesthesiologist considered that 37 patients (18.5 percent) did not require exams. The cost of surgeon-oriented preoperative care was higher than that based on the preanesthesia evaluation and this difference in costs was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In 9.3 percent of the patients discordance in ASA classification according to the specialist was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative care based on judicious preanesthesia evaluation can result in significant reduction in costs when compared to that oriented by the surgeon. Good concordance in ASA classification was observed.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La evaluación preanestésica (EPA), es fundamental para la preparación del paciente quirúrgico. Entre sus muchas ventajas tenemos la reducción de los costes con la preparación del preoperatorio. Aunque algunos estudios previos hayan constatado ese beneficio, no es correcto decir que él se pueda aplicar adecuadamente a nuestro medio. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los costes de la preparación del preoperatorio realizado por el cirujano con los costes estimados a partir de la EPA. En paralelo, comparamos la clasificación del estado físico de la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) determinada por el anestesiólogo o por otros especialistas. MÉTODO: Doscientos pacientes candidatos a procedimientos quirúrgicos o diagnósticos electivos, cuya preparación preoperatoria estuvo orientada por el cirujano, se sometieron a la EPA después de su ingreso. El anestesiólogo determinó los exámenes complementarios o las consultas especializadas pertinentes para cada paciente. Se comparó el número y los costes de los exámenes o consultas indicados por el anestesiólogo con los realizados durante la preparación del preoperatorio. También comparamos la clasificación de la ASA determinada por el anestesiólogo o por el médico que realizó la consulta especializada. RESULTADOS: De los 1.075 exámenes complementarios realizados 55,8 por ciento no estaban indicados, lo que equivalió a una fracción de un 50,8 por ciento del coste total con los exámenes. El anestesiólogo consideró que 37 pacientes (18,5 por ciento) no necesitarían realizar exámenes. El coste de la preparación orientada por el cirujano fue un 25,11 por ciento mayor que el coste estimado a partir de la evaluación preanestésica, siendo ésa la diferencia entre los costes estadísticamente significantes: (p < 0,01). Se registró una discordancia en la clasificación de la ASA en 9,3 por ciento de los pacientes evaluados por el experto. CONCLUSIONES: La preparación del preoperatorio con base en la evaluación preanestésica de criterio puede resultar en una significativa reducción de los costes cuando se le compara a la preparación orientada por el cirujano. Se observó una buena concordancia en la determinación de la puntuación de la ASA.

Utilidad y costo-efectividad de los exámenes preoperatorios en cirugía otorrinolaringológica / Usefulness and cost-efectiveness of preoperative test in otolaryngological surgery

Introducción: La práctica de realizar exámenes preoperatorios, aunque muy difundida, carece de utilidad demostrada o de argumentos científicos que la sustenten. Más aún sus costos, pueden ser muy elevados. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad y costo-efectividad de los exámenes preoperatorios en otorrinolaringología. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de una muestra de 160 fichas clínicas de pacientes ASA I (2 a 40 años, sanos) operados en el Hospital San Juan de Dios en el año 2006. Resultados: Ningún examen preoperatorio permitió prever una complicación perioperatoria. Dentro de los pacientes con exámenes normales se registraron 4 complicaciones. Se necesitaron 70 exámenes (con un costo de $703.500 pesos chilenos o USD $1,256) para detectar una patología. La detección de anormalidades, obligó al mayor uso de recursos mediante intervención clínica (repetición de exámenes o interconsultas), se asoció a un aumento del número de consultas médicas realizadas (4,4 vs 2,53 p =0,0002) y un aumento de los días de hospitalización (2,5 vs 1,77 p =0,025), sin reportar ningún beneficio. Cuarenta a cincuenta por ciento de las solicitudes de nasofaringolaringoscopías, audiometrías e impedanciometrías no mostraron justificación clínica. Se repitieron 20,1 por ciento de los exámenes preoperatorios, principalmente debido a su caducidad (45,1 por ciento). El costo oportunidad asociado a exámenes preoperatorios fue en promedio $28.608 por paciente, lo que anualmente equivale (como referente) al 27 por ciento> del costo de todas las amigdalectomías realizadas en este centro cada año. Discusión: El uso rutinario de exámenes preoperatorios parece ser una práctica costosa y sin utilidad.

Introduction: Although most surgeons order pre-operative laboratory tests, this practice is not based upon any evidence. Furthermore, they impose a potentially important monetary cost on the patient. Aim: To determine the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of preoperative tests in otolaryngology. Material and method: Retrospective study. A sample of 160 medical records of ASA I patients (2 to 40 years of age, without other known pathologies) that underwent surgery at the San Juan de Dios Hospital during 2006 was reviewed. Results: None of the tests ordered predicted any of the perisurgical complications found. Among patients with normal results, 4 had complications. It took 70 tests (at a cost of $ 703,500 Chilean pesos or U$D 1256) to detect a relevant pathology. Detection of abnormalities in test results forced significant more clinical interventions, and was associated with an increased number of medical consults (4.4 vs 2.53 p = 0.0002) and a prolonged hospital stay (2.5 vs 1.77 p = 0025). 20.1 percent of the test were repeated tests, mainly because they had passed the valid date(45.1 percent). The opportunity-cost associated with preoperative examinations averaged $ 28,608 per patient, which (as a reference) is equivalent annually to 27 percent of the cost of all tonsillectomies performed at this center each year. Conclusion: Routine pre-operative testing seems to be an expensive and useless practice.

Permanência hospitalar pré-operatória e sua repercussão nos custos dos serviços de saúde / Preoperative hospital stay and its impact on Ceará state health services costs

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar os custos da permanência hospitalar pré-operatória em cirurgias eletivas, em hospitais públicos terciários de Fortaleza, utilizando os Hospitais Gerais de Fortaleza (HGF) e Geral César Cals (HGCC) como fonte de dados. O objetivo específico é aferir a permanência hospitalar pré-operatória em cirurgias eletivas; realizar análise destes custos; discutir repercussões socioeconômicas da permanência estudada e produzir subsídios para uma gestão eficiente de leitos cirúrgicos. O estudo mostra que a eficiência na gestão de serviços de saúde, com normatização de critérios de treinamento em cirurgias eletivas, poderiam reduzir a pernamência pré-operatória e custos da atenção terciária, disponibilizar leitos/dia em serviços complexos melhorando o acesso e a equidade, produzindo mudanças no perfil cultural de gestores e profissionais de saúde nos hospitais de ensino e pesquisa

Localization of parathyroid lesions: blind study for surgeons

Success in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism rest in the accurate localization and removal of the diseased gland or glands. Computerized tomography and nuclear imaging scans are being used to localize abnormal parathyroid tissue. In the present study, fifteen consecutive patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism were all subjected to these ancillary studies. Results were not revealed to the operating team. In all instances an adenoma was localized during neck exploration. CT Scan failed to localize 73% of the affected glands. Nuclear scans missed almost fifty percent of the parathyroid adenomas. The low yield of these ancillary localizing tests makes them unnecessary in the routine evaluation of patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism